Avianca Flight 52 a Case Study on Human Error - 804 Words

Relevant facts/ Background Avianca Flight 52 touched the ground for a final time on January 25 1990, 16 miles from JFK airport in Cove Neck, Long Island, N.Y., completely out of fuel. The Boeing 707-321B was carrying 158 people coming from Medellin, Columbia, in which 85 people survived. The crash of Avianca Flight 52 was the largest rescue operation in New York prior to 9/11. There was a severe blizzard on the north-east coast of the U.S. causing bad weather with a low pressure system and wind shear. JFK airport authorities had been told to keep a higher landing rate than safe at 33 planes attempting to land per hour, on one runway - the typical rate being 52 in good weather, with all runways open. The airport was experiencing a rate†¦show more content†¦If one lesson would be learned from this it would be that had the crew received effective and efficient CRM training on time, they could have saved 73 people from an almost completely preventable death by human error. References AskCaptainLim.com {comments}. Aviation, Air Crash. Avianca flight 52: why the pilots failed to use proper phraseology. (Last updated October 19, 2008). Retrieved from: http://www.askcaptainlim.com/-air-crash-aviation-34/830-avianca-flight-52-why-the-pilots-failed-to-use-the-proper-phraseology.html Cushman Jr., John H. New York Times, Archives, Collections, Fuel. Avianca flight 52: the delays that ended in disaster. (February 5, 1990). Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/05/nyregion/avianca-flight-52-the-delays-that-ended-in-disaster.html?pagewanted=allamp;src=pm National Geographic, Cineflix Productions. Air Crash Investigation series, Episode S02E05 - Missing Over New York. Retrieved from http://natgeotv.com/ca/air-crash-investigation/videos/deadly-delay Wikipedia.org, Avianca Flight 52. (Last updated March 22, 2013). Retrieved from:

The Effect of Culture on Sensing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1931 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2018/12/19 Category Sociology Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: China Essay Did you like this example? Sensing refers to the abilities of the body to receive and feel a certain stimulus from either outside or also inside the body (Wagner, et al, 2080). All these abilities in the body to sense may include the sight, touch, taste, smell, and hearing. The sensation is, therefore, the situation whereby we are able to detect the changes that occur in our environment through the neurological process. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Effect of Culture on Sensing" essay for you Create order There is others form of life, for instance, the bat and snakes which uses different sensory ranges for the survival. This shows that the sensory ability may differ from on organism to another depending on the on the organism, for example, the bat senses the object around through the ultrasound while the snake has the ability to use the infrared light as a means of sensing. This is a clear information that every animal has varied ways of application to the sensing since humans use none of the mention sense technique for survival. The most question that has lingered to many peoples mind concerning the sensation is from the fact that whether there is any significant variation among human and whether the culture can be attributed by variation in human sensation. However, the culture plays a very major role in sensation due to the fact that people from diverse cultures tend to have the different form of sense (Bennett, 87). This is due to the geographical differences making the differe nt form of surrounding or the environmental variation. This is best explained by people from two areas, for instance, peoples from urban area cannot sense things like slanted line and crooked more correctly as compared to people from rural or forestry area whereby. This simply implies that; these two people have the different sense of the same event due to different learning from their cultures. Also, the cultural environment plays a big role in sensation as described by the term field dependence. This is the term used to refer to the level at which the view or the way people observe a particular object is greatly influenced or rather affected by the environment or the background it appears. This means that different people have different ability to separate or distinguish an object from its neighboring environment. Research has shown that two people from different environment and background give the different opinion on the same object. For example, when two adults from one from Un ited State and the other one from Japan were introduced to the animated underwater of a situation where one big fish swims between the other small marine life including the small fish. When the two people were called upon to explain the scenario, the Japanese gave his comments mostly describing the relationship or the association between the objects present in the scene. Most of the people from United State started to give the explanation of the big fish explaining very few comments concerning the relationship between the objects. Even when the same scenario was repeated several, the same information was obtained with the Americans talking more about the big fish. This explains how people from different culture have different perception in sensation. Moreover, research has also shown that differences in culture and the environmental background has a great effect on the sensation. This was proved right in another experiment done whereby two people one from Japanese and the other f rom European Americans were introduced to a squared picture containing a line on its inside. After a few time of the observation of the line, they were then provided with an empty square having different size and they were then called upon to draw either a line with similar lengths like the one they say or a line with same relative length exactly like the one they say. After analysis, the result from the drawings, people from European Americans drew the line of the same length in a significantly more accurate manner while those from Japanese drew the lines of relative length which were significantly more accurate. This research, therefore, leads to the conclusion that the sensation is greatly affected by both the culture as well as the environment. The fact that sensation is described as the neurological process, it helps us to become or rather to detect our environmental changes which are directly affected by our culture. Therefore, this explains that our thoughts and perception that people tend to have are not cultural environments independent hence the external world and our own perception helps to shape our brain. Also, there is same context which is believed to greatly affects the culture, this includes both the high and low context cultures. The low-context is whereby most of the cultural message is fixed in the explicit code which in high-context, is the type of culture where very few message have been said or rather been written since much of the meaning people can learn it from the physical environment. Conclusion In conclusion to the effect of sensing to the culture, the environment and geographical have an effect on the culture. Despite the fact that most sensation is caused by neurological process, this helps us to detect the environmental changes which are affected by culture. People are able to response to different changes in the environment due to senses, people differ in senses according to the environment. The perception and though also depends on the environment despite the fact that more response of the body is triggered by the senses. Possible Consequences to Chinas Continuing Control of Access to Internet The first connection to the internet in China was established in 1993 and from that time there have been a great increase in the access the internet in China (Cullen, et al, 99). According to the research, it is clear that the number of people access to the internet web by 2000 were approximately 22.5 million. This has made China to took control of the internet by overtaking many nations including the Japan in the number of people in the internet users. However, this issue has raised a lot of concern to many nations but the Chinese government has continued to embrace the technology due to its much benefits as explained below. One of the consequences of China continuing control of the internet is the development and improvement of the mobile ecosystem. The improvement of the mobile ecosystem has greatly enhanced to the development in China due to the interaction with other mobile internet access. The mobile ecosystem was therefore used the main tool to upgrade, improve and also r eform other sectors in China. this contributed to rising the government revenue since according to the research it was clear that by 2015, the global GDP was very high with $3.0 million more than USD and also offering more employment opportunity to many citizens. Additionally, the internet has helped China to develop economically due to modern manufacturing. The country has grown largely due to the introduction of many industries which deals with production services due to the application of technology in the production sector. This has also contributed to fostering various business in the country to develop leading to larger production hence facilitating the development of a market. Due to the internet, competition has in various business sectors has risen leading to the production of many and quality products. China produces many products which are used both locally and internationally in many countries. Moreover, the internet has greatly helped the education sectors too man y people in China were they able to access the quality education through the internet. This has led to many people having brighter future sine education in China is believed to be the most crucial organization system in the society. The quality education provided by the internet programs has helped many people especially the young people to develop the necessary skills important in their life in overcoming various challenges in the life (Kluver, et al, 301). The government in China believe that the education system in China was not good enough to provide the children with quality education and therefore providing computers to every child in order to access to the internet and get the online education. The internet has generally facilitated the development of education to very high level. China up to date still in the research of internet to come up with the programs to provides the education to many people by use of technology. This will be by providing online education platforms to all people through the mobile internet. Internet has also helped to change the social structure of people of China hence changing the nation as the whole. This is through the empowerment people get from the internet hence bringing the change both to the society and also the nation. The improvement of social classes has contributed to the improvement of the standard of living of many people leading to the better lifestyle. This has also helped in promoting the interaction of people both within the country and also from the other country hence enhancing to corporation between Chinese people and people from other nation. Furthermore, due to the development of technology in China, it has led to the production of many computer systems for use both locally and also in international level. China has recorded to be the most significant producer of computers that are used widely in many counties. Over millions of computers used in various institutions all over the world comes from Chi na (Liang, 103). research has also shown that China is the among the best country producing the computer hence creating more wealth for the nation as a result of producing more personal computer market. Besides, the development of the technology through the internet has contributed to creating a strong nation of China through the development of the military. Due to the development of the technology in China, the strength of security has greatly improved to a point that nation has raised concern about the issue due to fear of being overtaken. Technology in China has led to the development of several tough weapons hence strengthening the security in China. According to the research, China is ranked among that country with the best military. This has contributed to many other nations buying most of the weapons from China hence contributing to earning revenue to the government. Conclusion Despite the fact that there are various challenges that had come as result of improvement in China, most of the impact is of benefit to the country and the people from China. The technology in China had led to the development various sectors in China including the education, healthcare and also in the military. Historically China was among the nations that were very poor, after the introduction of internet in China, development has been enhanced making China among the most developed country in the world. Research has shown that technology is what has made China develop this far, therefore, it is very important for the country to uphold technology in order to enhance the development of the nation. References Bennett, Gary J., and Y-K. Xie. A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man. Pain 33.1 (1988): 87-107. Cullen, Richard, and Pinky DW Choy. The Internet in China. Colum. J. Asian L. 13 (1999): 99. Cullen, Richard, and Pinky DW Choy. The Internet in China. Colum. J. Asian L. 13 (1999): 99. Kluver, Randolph, and Chen Yang. The Internet in China: A meta-review of research. The Information Society 21.4 (2005): 301-308. Liang, Bin, and Hong Lu. Internet development, censorship, and cyber-crimes in China. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 26.1 (2010): 103-120. Wagner, Victoria E., et al. Microarray analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing regulons: effects of growth phase and environment. Journal of bacteriology 185.7 (2003): 2080-2095.

The American Revolutionary War - 1519 Words

What was the purpose of the American Revolutionary War, or any revolutionary war, for that matter? There are many types of government in the world, and like everything, some are better than others. The people in the countries that had revolutionary wars had the drive and determination to rebel against their government, for what they believed was right, because, well, they did not like their government and wanted another kind. Within the hundreds of types of governments, the most common include Democracy, Dictatorship, Monarchy, Theocracy, Totalitarian, Republic, and Anarchy. While some may argue it is good to have an all-powerful central government, that just does not work out well for the people. The ideal government that all around benefits everyone is a capitalist democracy, because it is of the people, by the people, for the people, while allowing each individual to be successful if they so choose. 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Alexander the Great4 Essay Example For Students

Alexander the Great4 Essay Alexander the Great, a patient and often devious man; had never struck without careful planning. The youthful, headstrong Alexander liked to settle problems by immediate action. Making decisions with great speed, he took extraordinary risks; his success was achieved by the amount of sheer force and drive to overcome these risks. Alexander was educated as a student by the Greek philosopher Aristotle. The philosopher imbued Alexander with a love of Greek art and poetry, and instilled in him a lasting interest in Philosophy and science. Within a year of his accession, Alexander extended his dominions northward toward the Danube River and westward towards the Adriatic Sea. He then turned his attention to Greece where Thebes and Athens were threatening to bolt the league with weapons purchased with Persian gold. Also, Athens and Thebes were to unite in war against Macedon. In 335 B.C. Alexander decided to punish the city for what he regarded as treachery; .The city was destroyed and its p eople sold into slavery or killed. All of the city_s buildings were destroyed except for temples and the house of Pindar the poet. Pindar was long dead, but Alexander wanted to prove that even a Macedonian conqueror could be a Hellene. The savage lesson of Thebes brought results, the Athenian assembly quickly congratulated Alexander, and the Greek states, with Sparta as the continuing exception, remained Macedonian allies. Alexander now took on a project that Philip had planned but never carried out: an invasion of Persia. He decision to do this was purely a political one. For a century Persia had interfered increasingly in Greek affairs and had constantly oppressed the Greek cities in Asia Minor. Alexander had personal reasons too. Avid for glory and for identification with Greece, Alexander knew no better way to win both than by attacking Greece_s ancient foe. In some ways the invasion, the longest military campaign ever undertaken, was a reckless undertaking. It required a large army to move an enormous distance from its supply bases, through and unfamiliar country, against a power incalculably rich in money and men. Furthermore, Persia was governed by a patriotic and devoted military caste that was egar to show its strength in war. However the enemy had a weakness. The current king, Darius III, had come to the throne through the murder of his predecessor and was highly incompetent._Darius was no leader-in fact, he was not even a brave man. The best of his generals and satraps might have been able to compensate for his shortcomings, but the rigidly structured hierarchy of the Empire did not give them a chance._ Besides the fact that Persia was poorly ruled, Alexander was counting on another shortcoming of the Persian Empire to aide in his conquest. The Persian Empire_s subject were unloyal to and had very little affection towards their ruler(s) and would be unlikely to resist and invading army. In 334 B.C. Alexander crossed the Hellespont. Something that hi s father had planned but not fully achieved. He defeated the Persian forces that were gathered on the Asian side of the River Granicus. After this victory Alexander sent three hundred suits of Persian armor back to Athens. The message that went with them read, _Alexander, the son of Philip, and the Greeks, except the Spartans, have won this spoil from the barbarians of Asia,_ thus expressing in one brief and self-assured sentence his contempt for the Persians, his even greater contempt for the Spartans, and his conviction that he was furthering a Greek cause. _Of all the generals of the ancient world Alexander was surely the greatest. He possessed an almost clairvoyant insight into strategy and was a consummately resourceful tactician. Alexander could be compared to Napoleon in swiftness and in movement, but Alexander could be patient as well. As he showed in his siege of the fortress of Tyre, which lasted for about seven months. The old port of Tyre had been abandoned for some time , and the Tyrians were now securely enclosed behind massive walls on an island that was half a mile from the shore. Alexander made attempts to negotiate an entrance into the city but they were halted by a display of force against his envoy by the Tyrians. _Alexander was determined to run every risk and make every effort to save the Macedonian army from being held in contempt by a single undistinguished city._ This commitment turned out to be far more exacting then Alexander could have ever imagined. Nevertheless, his determination and aversion to failure drove him to conjure up a more imaginative approach. He built a solid causeway over the water, half a mile long and two hundred feet wide. Then he constructed siege towers of 150 feet in height. Unfortunately the Tyrians responded to each and every effort with innovations of their own. At one point during the siege, his advisors gave him reason to abandon the assault. However, Alexander was not about to admit that he had labored in vain, nor was he willing to leave Tyre behind as a monument of his fallibility. Reinforced by ships from the Persian fleet that had defected to him, Alexander launched a varied assault on the city. Eight thousand Tyrians were said to have perished during the sack. Alexander personally led the attack on a breached section of the city_s wall. The siege was a moderate success in his eyes considering the resources lost. _Alexander was a man incapable of shrugging his shoulders and walking away from an unsuccessful effort. If as a result of several futile attempts, frustrated and angry, he would have decided that a quick and sudden attack would rescue him from embarrassment. Victory on the battlefield promised to be more complex. During the intervening two years since the battle of Issus, Darius had assembled some 25,000 horseman from his eastern satrapies, an untold number of infantry, 200 scythed chariots, and even 15 elephants. He was now encamped on a wide plain near Gaugamela. Alexa nder could only field 7,000 horsemen and 40,000 footmen. His men were superior in discipline and experience in the field, but he was short in numbers and well aware of it. Alexander delayed the attack until he had seen the battle field with his own eyes. Scanning the terrain for advantageous positions to make up for the lacking number of Macedonian forces. The day of the battle came and went with a stunning victory for Alexander. His plan was to create a rift in the center of the Persian troops. For that was where Darius was and where the commands for the Persian army were coming from. Alexander simply charged towards Darius_s chariot. Like Issus this tactic again proved to be successful. Darius fled Gaugamela like he fled at Issus. Alexander was extremely skillful at dealing with unfamiliar tactics of warfare, such as the use of chariots armed with scythes, elephants deployed in battle, and evasive, encircling movements by nomad horseman. Nevertheless, he sometimes received unexpec ted help from his enemies. Darius, who was cruel as well as cowardly, treated prisoners with a harshness that embittered the Macedonian soldiers. Alexander saw this and led his army to victory at Issus in 333 B.C., and Gaugamela in 331 B.C., both times Darius fled from the battle field. With these two victories Alexander broke the main Persian resistance and in the autumn of 331 B.C. he entered Babylon, the winter capital of the Persian kings. In December of the same year he entered the summer capital at Susa. Both cities were taken relatively without major problems. From Susa he went on to the ceremonial capital at Persepolis. Persepolis gave Alexander a great deal of wealth/treasure that would require 20,000 mules and 5,000 camels to remove it. Before leaving Persepolis, Alexander burned the palace of the great king for reasons that have never been made clear. Possibly it was a whim, some sources say that he did it in a fit of drunken excitement, while others say he did it to sign ify that the Persian invasion of Greece had at last been avenged. Alexander had already considered himself king of Persia, but his right to the throne was in question as long as Darius was still alive and at large. So in the summer of 330 B.C. he marched north in pursuit of Darius. Alexander had almost caught up to him but Darius was slain by his own men, finally brought to rebellion by their long resentment of his mismanagement of the Persian defense. When Alexander came upon Darius_s body he ordered it to be sent back to Persepolis to be buried in the royal cemetery of the Achaemenid kings. Now, at last, Alexander was officially the great king of Persia. In his new role he headed east to take possession of the remaining Persian provinces. After two years he reached and subdued Bactria and Sogdiana; he now controlled all that belonged to Darius. As the campaign of Persia was ending, Alexander_s plan expanded. Originally his purpose had been simply to destroy the Persian army. He ha d decided to take over the whole Persian empire, and he went on to achieve this without losing a single battle. If Alexander thought of the Persian empire at all, he thought of it simply as a source of wealth. However, as he took o ver more and more territory, he saw that he could not hold the empire without governing it. To govern it effectively, he had to merge it with the Greek world. _Alexander proved to be as skillful at statecraft as he was at military matters Since his main concern was to keep the empire functioning , Alexander tolerated many local religious, and social customs. He even, to some extent, permitted each country to keep its national institutions. At the same time he introduced Hellenic ideas. The most important being the Greek city state. As Alexander traveled and conquered he founded many cities, most of which bear his name (Alexandria) The first and most famous one was an Egyptian city, which later (a century) became the center of the Hellenistic world. As his empire grew Alexander saw that Asia could not be administered simply as a colony of Greece. Somehow he had to bring Persians and Greeks together into a single unit. In 327 B.C., partly for political reasons, Alexander married a Sogdian Princess, Roxanne. Three years later he married the elder daughter of Darius in a purely political union. This wedding was a communal affair: at the same time, on Alexander_s order, 80 of his top-ranking officers married 80 Persian girls of noble birth. Further to consolidate his empire Alexander drafted Persian cavalry into his own army and ordered 30,000 Persian boys to be trained in Macedonian combat techniques. He adopted Persian dress for himself and for a time even tried to get his soldiers to follow the Persian custom of prostration before the king. His Macedonian captains did not take well to this as this custom was implying worship, and Alexander was not a god in the eyes of his soldiers. All of these changes brought his newly conquered empi re together. Alexander mainly wanted his Persian captains to feel that they were the equals of the Macedonians and wanted the Macedonians to accept this equality. Most of Alexander_s ideas for consolidating the Greek and Persian peoples made little impression on his Macedonian companions. They were soldiers, not political scientists. His concept of empire did not fit their own crude ambitions and they had no sympathy for his desire to govern responsibly. Basically they felt that he was setting himself above them, spoiling the old comradeship-in-arms which was a well defined characteristic of the Macedonian army. Realizing that his soldiers were doubtful in following his authority, Alexander himself began to change. His soldiers reported that he became more violent in times of explanation; meaning he became upset if someone couldn_t see something his way. _increasing loneliness of a growing impatience with those who could not understandthe Alexander of 324 was not the Alexander of 33 4._ Alexander became obsessed about losing the support of the gods and that his Macedonians would grow weary of their expedition. He became increasingly suspicious of his close friends and switched from emotions of fear and intense anger. Despite the resent experiences, Alexander turned south and he added into India. Nearly two centuries before, in the reign of Darius I, the Persian empire had included part of that subcontinent. Determined to recapture it Alexander crossed the Hindu Kusk mountains, followed the Kabul River down to the Indus River and crossed overland to the Hydaspes River. It was here where Alexander would fight one of the most difficult battles of his entire career. His opponent was the Indian King, Porus, whose army was several times larger than Alexander_s and superbly trained. It included war elephants which reduced Alexander_s striking power because his horses would not go near them; however Alexander devised a technique that transformed them into a hazard to t heir own masters. The elephants were positioned fifty feet from the Indian front line. Alexander launched a two-phase cavalry charge against the horsemen and chariots on Porus_s own wing first. When Porus committed horsemen from both wings to an attack against what he thought was Alexander_s entire cavalry, hiding horsemen would suddenly appear having Porus_s horsemen in a trap. These tactics enabled Alexander_s infantry, who had been specially trained for the purpose, to deal with the elephants when the enemy was in a state of confusion. Alexander_s men would strike the elephants with two headed axes, making them run around uncontrollably crushing friend and foe. Although victory was inevitable for Alexander, Porus was determined to see it through until he suffered a serious shoulder wound. He, like Darius was forced to retire his elephant from the battlefield. After the battle Porus requested that he meet with the victor. Upon his reconvienience, Alexander asked Porus how he wishe d to be treated. Porus responded; _Treat me, Alexander, like a king. Alexander was delighted by his response. Despite the victory, Alexander suffered personal loss. Bucephalas, Alexanders famous steed died of wounds suffered in battle. He was thirty years old , but the two had been through crisis and triumph for most of their lives. A city, Bucephala, was founded in the horse_s name on the west bank of the Jhelum. Alexander, just inside modern India, had every intention of crossing the Beas River. Like most men of his time, he believed that the Indian continent was a small peninsula jutting eastward that reached to a body of water, called simply Ocean, that supposedly encircled the world. Alexander expected to reach Ocean and explore it as the climax of his long campaign. However, his soldiers had heard rumors of vast deserts and fierce warriors with great armies of elephants lying ahead. Veterans who had crossed the Hellespont eight years before felt that they had marched their lim its and wanted to return to Macedon. Alexander waited three days for them to change their minds. When he was convinced that they would not, he agreed to start home. In the spring of 323 B.C. he reached Babylon, and began at once to regroup his army and plan an invasion of Arabia. But in June a fever struck him and on the thirteenth of June, 323 B.C., not even 33 years old Alexander died. For thirteen years Alexander remained unbeaten in his campaigns in Persia, Egypt, and India. His battles against enemy forces were all foresight and his brilliant tactics were executed to achieve victory after victory. Alexander_s fear of being overcastted by his fathers shadow was just, but his conquests dwarfed those of his father. Alexander, driven by brilliance and his view of a Hellenistic world, seized every opportunity to go one step beyond his father. Those steps brought him a great empire that he governed fair and honorable. He treated his captures with both dignity and respect which enable d him to maintain order for so long. He brought with him the Greek culture that he so strongly believed in, and spread that culture all over Asia in the cites that bear his name; Alexandria(s). Nevertheless, the ingeniousness tactics and strategies that he created brought him great success which he rightfully deserved. In the first crusade a man by the name of Godfrey Essay Bibliography: