The Discovery of Transformation by Frederick Grifith in...

The discovery of transformation by Frederick Griffith in Streptococcus pneumonia has played an important role in how we are now able to introduce plasmid DNA molecules into cells. Transformation is the uptake of DNA molecules released from the donor cell by the recipient cell. It is one of the three ways bacteria are able to exchange genetic material. In Griffith’s experiment he introduced mice to two different forms of S. pneumonia, one smooth, pathogenic and encapsulated and the other rough, nonpathogenic and noncapsulated (Snustad, 193). The mice were injected with live rough strain and heat killed smooth strain. The deaths of the mice lead Griffith to conclude that some genes of the killed smooth strain were transformed to the rough strain and the bacteria became encapsulated and pathogenic, therefore leading to the death of the mice (Snustad, 193). Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules. They are not essential for survival of the host bacteria. Some carry genes that allow resistance to antibiotics (Anderson). Plasmid pUC18 is a circular DNA molecule. It contains portions of the E. coli Lac Z gene, which encodes for the first 146 amino acids of ÃŽ ² - galactosidase. E. coli contains the Lac Z gene, which encodes ÃŽ ² - galactosidase . The E. coli Lac operon digests lactose. Once E. coli is transformed with pUC18, complementation occurs. E. coli produces active ÃŽ ² –galactoidase. The active ÃŽ ² –galactoidase hydrolyzes the substrate, X gal , which is located on the agar plates.

We are Free to Be You, Me, Stupid and Dead by Roger...

From the opening sentence of the essay, â€Å"We are free to be you, me, stupid, and dead†, Roger Rosenblatt hones in on a very potent and controversial topic. He notes the fundamental truth that although humans will regularly shield themselves with the omnipresent first amendment, seldom do we enjoy having the privilege we so readily abuse be used against us. Freedom of speech has been a controversial issue throughout the world. Our ability to say whatever we want is very important to us as individuals and communities. Although freedom of speech and expression may sometimes be offensive to other people, it is still everyone’s right to express his/her opinion under the American constitution which states that â€Å"congress shall make no law†¦show more content†¦From the opening sentence, Roger Rosenblatt hones in on a very potent and controversial topic. He notes the fundamental truth that although humans will regularly shield themselves with the omnipresent first amendment, seldom do we enjoy having the privilege we so readily abuse be used against us. He offers an example in a basketball player named Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf who once refused to stand up during the national anthem. This action (or rather lack of it) was greeted with hostility as well as suspensions. The authors emotions are not made subtle, as he openly insults those who suspended him, and makes several ironic statements relating their actions and how it would have been severely frowned upon by the founding fathers. In his next paragraph, Rosenblatt chronicles the story of John Rocker, a relief pitcher who made an inflammatory and rather bigoted statement about not wishing to ride public transportation with those whom he feels are either a nuisance, or simply make him uncomfortable with their alternate lifestyles (such as â€Å"queers†). Rosenblatt notes that the courts did not interfere with their suspension as the first amendment merely grants one the right to speech, not total immunity. Rosenblatt however finds folly with this, and feels that Rocker possessed the right to spout his ignorant blather. This entire essay isShow MoreRelatedThe Drawbacks of Freedom Essay947 Words   |  4 Pagesrestrictions, which can be considered beneficial to the public. In â€Å"we are free to be you, me, stupid, and dead† by Roger Rosenb latt, he relays the disadvantages of limitless freedom. He focuses mainly on freedom of speech and the possible drawbacks to having ungoverned freedom of expression. Roger points out the public faulty rationale in the first paragraph as he says, â€Å"Everyone loves free expression as long as it isnt exercised†. Here, Roger reveals the contradiction between the people’s demand for the

Process Of Good Corporate Governance †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Did the Board of Ardent Leisure recognise and manage the risk arising from this incident? 2.Assuming the Board failed to manage the risk, did the company and the directors breach Principles 7 of the ASX principles of Good Corporate Governance? What is the consequence, if any, for the company failing to comply with Principle 7? Can the ASX take any disciplinary action against the directors and company for failing to recognise and manage the risk in this instance?3.Could it be argued that the directors had breached their duty of care and diligence or is the significant financial harm suffered by the company sufficient penalty?4.After the incident did the Board review and improve the effectiveness of the companys risk management framework? Answers: 1.The concept of corporate governance denotes the way through which companies are governed by its officers and directors. According to the principles provided by the concept of corporate governance the organization must be governed by the authorities responsible for its operation in such a manner that it would be able to achieve its objective and goals in the best possible way[1]. The controlling officers namely the executives and the directors must also ensure that the organization comply with the principles of corporate social responsibility and ensure the benefits of its shareholders where the society being one of them. When a company has an appropriate policy for its governance it automatically enhances the trust which the potential and present stakeholders of the company have towards its management. Good corporate governance also enhances the confidence of the investors to make investment towards the organization. Certain recommendations have been laid down by the Australia Securities Exchange (ASX) so that the companies in organization can carry out the process of good corporate governance in an effective manner. The aims of the provided recommendation are to ensure that the organization is not only able to address its own needs but also the needs of the society. There are seven recommendations which have been provided by the ASX in relation to good corporate governance and such principles are reviewed on a periodic basis in order to eradicate the effect if any. Currently the latest version of the recommendation is the third edition which has been provided by the ASX. Particularly in relation to the seventh principle of corporate governance recommendation in relation to Risk management have been provided for the organizations. The recommendations provided various strategies which the organization may take in relation to mitigating the risk which may cause injury to the society and the company itself because of its operations[2]. The recommendations suggest that the company must have a risk mitigating committee which would have at least one independent director to identify and address risk. It is a evident fact that if the company is prone to risk and its operations affect the society its reputation will be hampered which would subsequently discourage any investor in associating with the organization[3]. According to the facts of the case it has been provided that the company Ardent Leisure Pty Ltd (Ardent) not only failed to recognize the risk but also to effectively handle its after effects. There were no measures taken by the management of the organization in relation to avoiding the harm which had been caused do to the accident which took place in their Dreamland Amusement park. The lives of four patrons were lost in relation to the accident which took place in the park. In case there was a proper risk management strategy implemented by the company such grave negligence would have been prevented. It is a fact that accidents are not under human control however the root cause of accidents in negligence. In the given situation the company was also criticized for not being able to handle properly the after accident period which caused increased hardship to the relatives of the deceased patrons. In case there was a proper risk management framework as suggested by the ASX the company w ould have been able to identify and address the risk in a proper way. 2. The ASX does not mandatorily impose any of its recommendations of the company as it realize that specific set of recommendation may not be suitable for an organization as its operations may get hampered. Therefore the organizations in Australia are provided the right to choose their own method of corporate governance in relation to their operations[4]. However the ASX have a very unique principle to ensure that the organizations are accountable towards the process of corporate governance. The policy is known as the if not why not policy. According to the policy of the ASX an organization has to show that why they are not adopting the recommendations provided by the ASX if they feel that it is not suitable for them. Through the process the regulator not only provides for scope for the organization for adopting their own principles but also making them accountable in relation to the process of corporate governance. Where a company has failed to comply with the provisions of corporate governance as recommended by the ASX they are liable to be imposed with pecuniary penalties. There is no fixed amount of penalties imposed on the organizations as they are determined through the analysis of the breach committed by them. In the recent case as related to Sino Australia Oil and Gas Limited (Company) the ASX was successful in imposing a penalty of $1000000 through the court as the organization was found to be guilty of not complying with the provisions of ASX in relation to corporate governance. In the case of Ardent it has been already discussed above that the organization has not been able to implement proper risk management strategy in relation to corporate governance[5]. It is also evident that the company could have been able to avoid the harm which had been caused to the patrons and moreover would have been able to address the period after the accident in a better way of they had implemented appr opriate and adequate risk management strategies[6]. However a careless attitude had been demonstrated by the organization towards its operations which is evident for the absence of any risk management strategies within the organization[7]. It can therefore be concluded that the reason for the death of the patrons and the hardship faced by the relatives of the diseased has resulted solely out of the negligence of the organization in relation to risk magnet strategies. The organization would also suffer losses in relation to reputation and its overall value in the society. This is solely because the organization has ignored the good governance principles and therefore not on the loss of reputation the organization would also be imposed with pecuniary penalties by the ASX for its actions. 3. According to Section 180(1) of the Corporation Act 2001[8] any director or officer who is in control of the organization as per the doctrine of Directing minds and will has the responsibility of managing the specific organization with bona fide intentions and towards its best interest[9]. The section also provides a test for determining the liabilities under this section[10]. According to the principles of the test a reasonable director is paced in the position of the director alleged to have breached the section in the same circumstances when the potential breach was committed and then analyze whether the same actions would have been committed by reasonable director or not[11]. In case it is found that the reasonable director would not have committed the action the alleged director is determined to be guilty of violating section 180(1) of the CA. in the case of AISC V Cassimites one of the issues before the court was to find out whether the extent of application of section 180(1) . In answer to such question it was provided by the court that even if the duties under the section are limited only towards the company and not the society, the duty may not only be breached because of financial losses suffered by the company but also the loss of reputation and value in relation to the society. The breach of this section under the CA provides for financial penalties by the directors personally and also may extend to a disqualification from management order under section 206A of the CA. In the given circumstances it has been provided that Ardent has already suffered various losses in relation to the accident which took place at Dreamworld. The losses are in form of financial losses suffered by the organization as the park was closed for a considerable period of time. In addition the organization had to pay compensation to the family of the deceased as well as suffer losses in relation to reputation and value in the society. In the case of AISC V LINDBERG the court ruled that if a director is found to be not acting in the best interest of the organization and therefore breach section 180(1) of the Act they would be imposed with pecuniary penalties as well as disqualification from management for a certain period. In this particular case the director who was found to be guilty of violating section 180(1) of the CA was imposed with a pecuniary penalty of $100000 along with a disqualification from management period of two years by the court. In the given issue related to Ardent if the test provided by section 180(1) of the CA is applied it would be analyzed that a reasonable director would have followed the recommendations provided by the ASX in relation to risk management and would have in place proper risk management strategies. Therefore the directors have violated the section when their actual action would have been different from that of a reasonable director. Actual harm which is although not necessary for the breach off the section has been caused to the company as it has suffered losses of value and reputation. Therefore along with the financial and goodwill losses suffered by the company the directors of Ardent are also liable for additional penalties under section 1317E and 206A of the CA. 4. It has been evident from the above discussion that Ardent did not had in place any policy or strategy to address the issue arising out of the Dreamworld accident. The highlight of the news was that the companies in relation to the post accident stage were grossly incompetent to handle the situation. It not only did not contract the relatives of the deceased but also provided untrue news in relation to the accident[12]. The company had indulged in a defensive mode throughout the post accident period trying to defend it policies and strategies which were grossly incompetent to handle the situation. Reacting to the criticism faced by the organization in relation to its strategies of risk management it has implemented certain new polices into its governance system related to the management of risks. This can also be seen as a result of the constant pressure from media. The criticism also resulted in the resignation of Deborah Thomas the CEO of the organization. In response to the inci dent the organization closed the park for a period of 45 days in order to appropriately carry on the process of inquiry. The rid which led to the fatal accident has been permanently made out of operation by the company. The company has also established a risk management committee in accordance to the corporate governance recommendations provided by the ASX. The aim of the organization is to be global brand in relation to entertainment and particularly expand its operations in the USA. In addition the company has hired risk management experts from delloitte and a former Queensland policeman to handle the situation the organization is in with respect to the accident. The stock value of the organization has also gone down considerably following the fatal incident. The organization has been subjected to damage control since the incident took place. This has led the entire company to shift its focus from its core operations towards the management of the incident. The company did not foll ow the basic rule provided by the ten commandments that in case of any accident the relatives of the affected party has to be contacted[13]. The actions which have been initiated by the organization after the accident cannot be regarded as adequate measures. The company had been focusing majorly on providing explanations for its actions rather than finding out proper measures to address the situation and to ensure any such situation does not take place in the future[14]. This action of the organization has also backfired as its stalk value have been consistently going down. Bibliography Baxt, R., and Fletcher, K.L., Fridman, S., Corporations and Associations Cases and Materials on, (Butterworths, Australia, 10th edition, 2008) Booth, Simon A.Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises.(1st Edition, Routledge, 2015) Ciro T, Symes C,Corporations Law in Principle LBC Thomson Reuters, (Sydney, 9th edition 2013) Fisher S, Anderson C, Dickfos, CorporationsLaw (Butterworths Tutorial Series, 4th Edition Butterworths, Sydney 2014) Harris J, Butterworths Questions and Answers Corporations Law:, (LexisNexis, 3rd Edition Sydney 2009) Harris J, Corporations Law, (LexisNexis Study Guide 1st edition 2008). Li, G, Riley, S. Applied Corporate Law: A Bilingual Approach (LexisNexis 1st Edition 2009). Parker, Clarke, Veljanovski, Posthouwer, Corporate Law, Palgrave 1st edition 2012 Tomasic, R.,Jackson, J.,Woellner, R., Corporations Law - Principles, Policy and Process (4th Edition Butterworths., Sydney, 2002). Vermeesch,R B, Lindgren, K E, Business Law of Australia (Butterworths, 12th Edition, 2011). zpatrick, Symes, Veljanovski, Parker, Business and Corporations Law; (LexisNexis 3rd edition 2017) ASIC v Matiner Corp [2015] 327 ALR 95 at [144] Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) v Cassimatis [2015] NSWSC 1744 Journals Pearson, Gail, Failure in corporate governance: financial planning and greed (2016) 13(2) Handbook on Corporate Governance in Financial Institutions 185. Legislations Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) DreamworldS Parent Ardent Leisure Is In Damage Control (2017) NewsComAu https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/other-industries/dreamworld-parent-company-ardent-leisure-in-crisis-after-fatal-theme-park-accident/news-story/00c3d7a283c19e05427f273bb3a44e39 The Guardian. (2017) https://www.theguardian.com World Australia Dreamworld.

Peplaus Theory free essay sample

Peplau (1969) suggested that nurses need to become aware of themselves, their personal needs and their personal reactions, in order to help patients to meet their own needs. Nurses must develop the skill of attaining professional closeness, an attribute only learned through professional Some limitations of Peplaus theory include the lack of emphasis on health promotion and maintenance; that intra-family dynamics, personal space considerations, and community social service resources are less considered; it cant be used on a patient who is unable to express a need; and some areas are not specific enough to generate a hypothesis. Her 1952 book, Interpersonal Relations in Nursing, Dr. Peplau outlines her conceptual structure for psychodynamic nursing. This book was the first published nursing theory since Florence Nightingale’s 1860 concept. The basis for her work was her personal and clinical experience. She worked during the great influenza epidemic, which helped her to understand the â€Å"influence of illness and death on individuals and families† (Tomay and Alligood, 2002, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Peplaus Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 80). Her theory focuses on the interpersonal development and the therapeutic relationship that develops between the nurse and the patient, unlike many theories that put the attention solely on the client. This nurse-client relationship becomes the heart of the nursing process. Peplau’s secondary focus is the intrapersonal process of nurse as well as client. Intrapersonal refers to phenomena that occur within an individual (Forchuk,1993, p. 45).The nurse not only focuses on the client, he or she also reflects on him or herself. Hilda taught psychodynamic nursing, stressing the significance of the nurse’s capacity to understand his or her own behavior in order to help patients recognize their perceived obstacles (Tomey and Alligood, 2002, p. 24). Core Concepts The core concepts of nursing include: nursing, person, environment, and health. (Forchuk, 1993, p. 7) Peplau further defined these concepts in her theory.She considered nursing to be a tool that seeks to promote health, person as an individual that lives in a variable setting, environment as surroundings that may promote health or maintain illness, and health as the advancement of human development (Forchuk, 1993, p7). Dr. Peplau’s theory evolves through psychodynamic nursing, which she defined as â€Å"being able to understand one’s own behavior to help others identify felt difficulties and to apply principles of human reactions to the problems that arise at all levels of experience† (Tomey Alligood, 2002, p. 82). She breaks up the nurse-patient relationship into phases: orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution. In the orientation phase, the patient has a need and seeks help. In the identification phase, the patient recognizes those who can be of assistance. In the exploitation phase, the patient makes an effort to take full advantage of what he or she is offered through the connection. During the resolution phase, the patient slowly puts aside old goals and accepts new ones (Tomey Alligood, 2002, p. 82). From these phases, Peplau saw different nursing roles emerging: that of stranger, resource person, teacher, leader, surrogate, and counselor. In the role of stranger, the nurse treats the patient with common courtesy. As a resource person, the nurse answers questions that the patient may have specific to his or her care. The leadership role includes the democratic process and the surrogate role involves the patient and nurse defining all areas of care.In the counseling role, the nurse responds to the patient’s concerns, and the teaching role combines aspects of each of these functions (Tomey Alligood, 2002, p. 382-383). Application of Dr. Peplau’s Theory A nursing theory aids the practicing nurse in organizing, understanding, and analyzing patient information; making decisions regarding nursing implementation; planning patient care; and predicting and evaluating patient outcomes (Tomey Alligood, 2002, p. 17). Dr.Peplau’s theory can be utilized to direct the nurse in the various aspects of practice, including assessment and planned interventions. Many nurse-researchers have used Peplau’s theory for quantitative as well as qualitative methods of research. Peplau believed that nurses could apply these principles to any area of their lives. During assessment, the nurse and patient discuss the patient’s problems and the nurse explains available services. As the nurse-patient relationship is developed, the nurse and patient collaboratively define problems and solutions. Using Peplau’s theory, nurse and client mutually plan to meet the patient needs (Potter Perry, 1993, p. 10-11) For a nurse to establish the efficacy of planned interventions, the nurse must first be aware of the passage through various stages of the therapeutic relationship. Peplau’s theory has been used extensively in the mental health arena, however, it is relevant in every aspect of nursing practice, including: geriatric, emergency, nurse-management, public health, and clinical practice. Many hospitals in the country have adopted her model as a basis for patient care.Nursing research in areas such as anxiety and empathy resulted from her model (Potter Perry, 1993, p. 11). Conclusion In conclusion, Peplau’s theory was revolutionary in all aspects of the nursing process. Peplau’s focus on the interpersonal dynamics of the nurse-patient relationship allows the nurse to cultivate roles as resource person, counselor and teacher. Dr. Peplau’s pioneering idea that the patient is an individual with a felt need and that nursing is an interactive and curative process is still relevant today as it allows for significant healthful outcomes.

Work based project Essay Example For Students

Work based project Essay The meals that are offered should meet the Essence of care standards which state that all patients are entitled to three balanced meals a day including snacks 24hrs a day. However it also states that Community and Mental Health services are therefore:- not required to adopt the menu format as set out in the NHS Recipe Book but are encouraged to do so where this is appropriate. The Ward Manager mentioned that cutbacks in the food menu and other areas were needed to meet the budget and therefore I was urged to quash hopes of games sessions as funding would be needed for items such as balls etc. We will write a custom essay on Work based project specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Even though there were clearly many health benefits to the patients undertaking exercise rather than being schooled on a balanced diet, the latter was favoured because it was the safer option, but the question was safer for whom? I then went to work on my presentation and used PowerPoint and incorporated the use of flashing images and sounds to gain the attention of the service users (my audience) and also to try and make the session as least boring as I could. The biggest dilemma I faced however was that of telling the service users that the activity that they had taken their time to choose had been greatly modified if not completely disregarded. During lunch on the day before the proposed new activity was to take place I had to announce to the service users the change in structure. Many of them did not respond verbally but I could see by their facial expressions that they were extremely disappointed. I explained to them that it was to safeguard their health and safety and proposed my talk about health talk the following day, I had complete reservations about the attendance of the session. As expected, almost all of the service users did not show up, with exception of only two, Mrs. E and John. It was apparent that the service users had lost trust in me and were obviously conveying their feelings by refusal to show up. Mrs. E and John only managed to stay stationary for less than five minutes and had begun to fondle each other. The support workers had to pull them apart and I was unable to carry out the rest of my presentation. On Reflection Looking back at my research project I would not change the way in which I carried it out however I feel it would have been beneficial if I had known the residents for as long as I have known them now. There are also indications that more accurate, detailed information is provided when the researcher has spent time getting to know people and has regular contact with the participants during the research'(Cornwell, 1984). I also did not take into account how much of an impact the organizations policies were going to have on the project. I would have preferred for the project to have had a positive impact on the service users however I feel that it may have lowered their self esteem even more. Nonetheless McIver (1991) suggests that where an evaluation has explored in some depth the nature of the service individuals receive as well as the impact it has on the recipients, the task of establishing the relationships between these two sets of data is challenging but nonetheless of considerable importance to the future development of policy and provision. As services strive more and more to offer an individual service to their users this can complicate attempts to aggregate outcomes, and produce misleading results for the project as a whole. Whilst planning the project and undertaking it there are many issues that I encountered that may need reviewing and others changed completely. Firstly, the main problem was that the organisation did not look at the patients as people and disregarded what they wanted. .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 , .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .postImageUrl , .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 , .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495:hover , .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495:visited , .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495:active { border:0!important; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495:active , .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Describe the challenges that Human Resource Manage EssayThe problem many healthcare workers face is that they get stuck in a situation where they routinely treat the patients as a whole and do not take the time to get to know them personally and take heed to their individual likes and interests. The National Service Framework (1999) states All mental health service users on CPA should receive care which optimises engagement however one could argue that this was not the case when the Ward manager refused an activity that offered many advantages. Furthermore The Community Care Act (1990) states that In some cases, resources should not be taken into account, for instance, if a person would be at severe physical risk if a service were not provided. Even though the service users (especially the heavier ones) may not suffer straightaway, over a period of time they could be at physical risk from not having any exercise. Moreover because research suggests that exercise eases stress and may cause a reduction in low self esteem it could possibly slow the processes of patients becoming more depressed. Discrimination against people with mental health problems is rife and extends into the health professions (Chadda, 2000) and discriminatory behaviour is conveyed by certain members of staff at the unit. The National Occupational Standards state that one of the key purposes of Mental health services is to provide equitable and non-discriminatory services, across all age groups and settings however one could argue that the senior members of staff may discriminate against Mrs. E and John because of their expression of their sexuality. It is possible that staff separate Mrs. E and John for their own benefit rather than for the benefit of the service users themselves because it seems that the more they are not allowed to interact with people of different sex it makes their exhibition of promiscuous behaviour even worse. It is apparent that the organisational structure of health and social care services has developed a culture of just do it and do not ask questions. This could be because of a number of several factors. The healthcare market has grown dramatically and this is reflected also by the many consumers. Statistics (2000) show that there has been a dramatic increase in the number of people being referred to psychiatric services since the 1940s particularly men and young people. Furthermore 65% more are being referred to psychiatric hospitals for the first time. This obviously has an impact on the healthcare sector as a whole because the Government has had to up funding over the years to cope with the demand for care services. This is in turn puts pressure on the many NHS funded hospitals and psychiatric units to keep up standards and not go over their budgets. This is reflected in the way the ward manager runs the unit and may give reason to as to why she refused the recreational activity chosen by the service users because of factors such as the funding to buy equipment, the time and effort in doing the risk assessments for each and every patient who takes part and also the allocation of staff. Care vs control is also a major issue as I found it hard to interview some patients because of the medication that they had received which made them drowsy and rarely alert. The nursing staff may sometimes give medication to the patients before the allocated time so that they dont act up or when they are being aggressive than usual. Healthcare workers need to take into account that it may be possible for the service user may be upset about something and may be lashing out just as normal people do. Conclusion There are a number of factors which work together to strengthen the case for giving greater priority to evaluation in the planning and delivery of services for people with mental health problems. .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 , .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .postImageUrl , .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 , .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133:hover , .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133:visited , .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133:active { border:0!important; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133:active , .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Taoism, Confucianism And Buddhism EssayThe inclusion of users perspectives in the evaluation of mental health is increasingly seen as a way of giving a marginalized group more of a voice( White and McCollam,1999). However this is much easier in theory than it is in practice. Many psychiatric patients continue to need long-term care in institutions in the public and private sector, despite the development of community facilities. Long-stay psychiatric institutions vary in size, level of security, facilities and type of care provided. Patients are usually regarded as long-stay if they are in an institution for more than a year. Inevitably, many long-stay in-patients experience limitations to their freedom, personal choice and activity, usually compounded by a low income and relative isolation from the community. References Bryman A. (2001). Social research methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chadda, D. (2000) Discrimination rife against mental health patients. British Medical Journal, 320,1163 Cornwell, J 1984. Hard -earned lives:Accounts of health and illness from East London. London:Tavistock Gibson , C, 1998, Journal of Psychiatric ; Mental Health Nursing,5,(6), pp. 469-477 Hillsdon, M. , Thorogood, M. ; Foster, C. (1999) A systematic review of strategies to promote physical activity. In Benefits and Hazards of Exercise (ed. D. MacAuley), pp. 25-26. London: BMJ Publications http://www. indymedia. org. uk/en/2006/10/352537. html http://www. statistics. gov. uk/downloads/theme_health/PMA-AdultFollowup. pdf. Jamison, K. R. 1996. An Unquiet Mind: A Memoir of Moods and Madness. New York: Vintage Books McIver, S (1991). Obtaining the views of users of Mental Health Services. London. Kings fund centre. Meltzer, H. , Gill, B. , Petticrew, M. , et al (1996) Economic Activity and Social Functioning of Residents with Psychiatric Disorders (OPCS Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity in Great Britain, Report 6). London: HMSO National Service Frameworks for Mental Health, Modern Standards and Service Models (1999) Peat, J., Mellis, C. , Williams, K. and Xuan W. (2002), Health Science Research: A Handbook of Quantitative Methods, London: Sage Rubin, H. J. , Rubin, I. S. 2005, Analyzing Coded Data. In Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data, second edition, pp. 224-245. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Souminen T and Leino-Kilpi H (1997) Research in intensive care nursing. Journal of Clinical Nursing 6, 69-76. Tilbury, D. (2002) Working with Mental Illness: A community-based approach, Basingstoke, Palgrave MacMillan. UKCC, Guidelines to Mental Health and Learning Disabilities Nursing, 1998 White, J and McCollam . A, 1999. Evaluation of Social work services for people with Mental health problems. In Mental health and Social work, pp. 190-215. Jessica Kingsley.

How Important Is Vocabulary for the New SAT

How Important Is Vocabulary for the New SAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Studying hundreds of fancy words from big lists has long been a mainstay of SAT prep. But with the redesigned SAT focusing on medium-level words in the context of passages, do you still need to drill yourself on little-used vocab words? Before you expend superfluous energy to bolster your cognizance of recondite terminology (or waste time learning lots of obscure words), read this guide to learn whatvocabulary you need for the new SAT. First, what changes are being made to the SAT in terms of vocabulary? Changes in the New 2016 SAT The first and most apparent change in the redesigned SAT is the elimination of sentence completion questions. Gone are the stand-alone sentences with one or two blanks asking you to "choose the word or set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole." Instead, the new vocabulary questions are passage-based. They refer to a line within a passage and ask what a word or idiom meansin context.This is a big difference from sentence completion-style questions, so what does this change mean in terms of the skills being tested? With sentence completions, you pretty much had to know the straight definition of complex wordsin order to answer them correctly. The sentence indicated a definition, so you either had to know which word it was referring to or be able to eliminate the other four answer choices. You couldn't rely on too many context clues to figure it out. This is where your studying of SAT Word of the Day and vocabulary lists would kick in and help you fill in the blanks. With the new passage-based questions, you're asked to interpret the meaning of a medium-level word in context. The word may be familiar to you, but it can have different meanings or connotations depending on how it's used. On these types of questions, all of the answers may be correct as definitions of the term being considered. Only one answer choice, though, will be correct for the term as it's being used in that particular context. As you can tell, this is a big departure from sentence completions. It calls upon different skills and a different approach to studying vocabulary. Before discussing how you can adjust your test prep, let's look at a couple examples that illustrate these changes. Does all this change make cents? Old SAT Vocabulary Questions The old SAT had 19 sentence completion questions which tested traditional SAT vocabulary terms. The following is a typical example. There is no doubt that Larry is a genuine -: he excels at telling stories that fascinate his listeners. (A) braggart(B) dilettante(C)pilferer(D) prevaricator(E) raconteur This sentence indicates the definition of the vocabulary word: a person who excels at telling fascinating stories. You either have to know that "raconteur" means just that, or you have to know thatthe other choices don't fit that definition and use process of elimination to get to (E). If you don't know these words and their definitions, you're left having to make a wild guess. The new SAT, on the other hand, usually doesn't feature such difficult words. Let's take a look. Redesigned SAT Vocabulary Questions The new SAT asks about words as they occur within the context of the passage. You probably don't use "prevaricator" and "raconteur" all that often in daily conversation. The words on the new SAT are meant to have broader utility in college and professional life. According to College Board, the new SAT emphasizes "the meaning of words in extended contexts and on how word choice shapes meaning, tone, and impact." They give the following example (this is an excerpt from a longer passage): "...The coming decades will likely see more intense clustering of jobs, innovation, and productivity in a smaller number of bigger cities and city-regions. Some regions could end up bloated beyond the capacity of their infrastructure, while others struggle, their promise stymied by inadequate human or other resources." As used in line 55, "intense" most nearly means... (A) emotional(B) concentrated(C) brilliant(D) determined Based on this example, you can immediately see the difference in the vocabulary's level of difficulty. You can also see how all of those answer choices could be correct interpretations of "intense"- depending on its context, it could mean emotional, concentrated, brilliant, or determined. Only (B) concentrated, however, works within this passage, as intense is being used to describe the "clustering of jobs...in a smaller number of bigger cities and city-regions." Rather than calling upon your knowledge of a word's definition, this question asks you to glean meaning and connotation from the context of a passage. Did you notice any other differences in this question? It only has four answer choices, instead of five. These improved odds, plus the fact that the new SAT has no penalty for wrong answers, means you should always make your most informed guess on all the questions. Some other medium-level difficulty words that might be tested on the new SAT include "alleviate, consistent, synthesis, empirical, coincide, congenial, indelible, discord, occur, mention, emerge, admit, perform, fortunate, require, and maintain." Even if you think you know all these words, is there a way you can study them to be better prepared for SAT vocab questions? What Do These Changes Mean for Your Studying? Given these changes, do you still need to study vocabulary for the new SAT in 2016? I would still highly recommend studying vocabulary, but in a different way. You can forget about those lists of "2,000 SAT vocabulary words" (phew!) and focus on "multiple-meaning" words of medium-level difficulty. The key thing to remember is that these words might have different meanings in different contexts, so you want to ensure that you understand each word in all of its dimensions and applications. You can do this by finding a word used in several example sentences, rather than just one, as well as noting how vocabulary words are used when you readbooks, articles, and the news. The New York Times Word of the Day Learning Blog has a useful tool that lets you find all the articles in which a term shows up. While many of the words they feature apply better to the old SAT, you can use that idea of finding terms in many different sources to enhance your understanding of it. There are also several other sites that are helpful for studying these words in various contexts, like Quizlet and ProfessorWord. Plus, incorporating them into your own writing is the best way to fully grasp how their meaning is affected by word choice and usage. Since these changes closely resemble the ACT, you can also check PrepScholar's list of the 150 most commonly tested ACT words. College Board and Khan Academy have sample practice questions for the new SAT. Finally, when using older practice materials, I would recommend focusing on the passage-based questions, especially the ones that point to a specific word or phrase. Generally speaking, you can forget about the sentence completions. Overall, what are the most important takeaways from the changes that were made to the SAT? The Gist of Vocabulary Changes The following are the most important points to remember about vocabulary questions on the new SAT: Sentence completions are gone. New questions focus on moderate-level words that may have different meanings in different contexts, like "intense." To prepare, you should focus on learning how words are used in different contexts, along with how you can gather context clues to determine the meaning of a word. Check out sample questions for the new SAT and make sure you understand the changes that are being made. This will help you adjust your studying and not waste time focusing on material that's no longer relevant. Plus, studying vocabulary based on context will help you improve your overall writing, reading, and communication skills, which will be extremely helpful for high school, college, and beyond. What's Next? Besides vocabulary questions, what else is changed on the new SAT? Read about all the changes and what it means for your test prep in our full guide to the redesigned SAT in 2016. In addition to learning about the changes, figure out what these changes mean for your studying. Read all about how to study for the new SAT here. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Oral errorr correction for non-native speakers of English Essay

Oral errorr correction for non-native speakers of English - Essay Example Traditionally, errors have been seen as signs of failure in the language learning process (Hedge 2000; Johnson 2008). However, today attitudes towards errors are becoming less negative. The dominating constructive point of view in language learning, emphasizes errors’ role as a part of the language learning process (Bartram and Walton 1991). Already in the late 60s, Corder (1967) notes that errors are a significant part of language learning from two points of view. Firstly, errors give information to teachers about the learners’ language level, including what they have learned and what they still need to practice. Secondly, the nature of errors can enhance both teachers’ and learners’ understanding of the whole language learning process and what kind of knowledge is acquired first and what kind of structures are more difficult to comprehend. This paper will thus help to provide an insight into the role of errors and how they have been treated in language t eaching through decades; the kind of corrective feedback that can take place in English as a foreign language (EFL) classroom; and finally, whether or not corrective feedback has an influence on the development of a learner learning a language. This paper will focus on defining terms concerning errors, corrective feedback and learner uptake. ... Phonological errors are errors in pronunciation, stress, or intonation, grammatical errors to incorrect formulated sentences, phrases or words, and lexical errors refer to errors in word use, phrases or idioms (Chaudron 1986; Allwright and Bailey 1991). In totality, James (1998) explains that errors refer to a deviation of the grammatical accurate rules of a language system. Hendrickson (1978:387), on the other hand, defines error as ‘an utterance, form, or structure that a particular teacher deems unacceptable because of its inappropriate use or its absence in real-life discourse’. According to Allwright and Bailey (1991:85) ‘an error is a form unwanted by the teacher’. In foreign language classrooms, the teacher is able to decide whether or not the students are making errors in oral pronunciation of words and phrases in the language that they are learning. However, errors that are made in the classroom are a result of different causes; Transfer of learners ’ first language such as unfamiliar structures or pronunciation and unfamiliar words can all lead to erroneous utterances (Lyster and Ranta 1997). The definition mentioned previously seems to refer both to an incorrect form of an utterance that a native speaker of the language would not understand or accept as correct language use, and to an incorrect form of an specific utterance or answer that the teacher is looking for (Scrivener 1994). Errors mostly occur when the person learning the language is not able to for correct sentences or structure the use of grammar and phrase composition well. (Scrivener 1994). But despite good chances for a correct guess, the learner ends up doing incorrect hypotheses