The Discovery of Transformation by Frederick Grifith in...

The discovery of transformation by Frederick Griffith in Streptococcus pneumonia has played an important role in how we are now able to introduce plasmid DNA molecules into cells. Transformation is the uptake of DNA molecules released from the donor cell by the recipient cell. It is one of the three ways bacteria are able to exchange genetic material. In Griffith’s experiment he introduced mice to two different forms of S. pneumonia, one smooth, pathogenic and encapsulated and the other rough, nonpathogenic and noncapsulated (Snustad, 193). The mice were injected with live rough strain and heat killed smooth strain. The deaths of the mice lead Griffith to conclude that some genes of the killed smooth strain were transformed to the rough strain and the bacteria became encapsulated and pathogenic, therefore leading to the death of the mice (Snustad, 193). Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules. They are not essential for survival of the host bacteria. Some carry genes that allow resistance to antibiotics (Anderson). Plasmid pUC18 is a circular DNA molecule. It contains portions of the E. coli Lac Z gene, which encodes for the first 146 amino acids of ÃŽ ² - galactosidase. E. coli contains the Lac Z gene, which encodes ÃŽ ² - galactosidase . The E. coli Lac operon digests lactose. Once E. coli is transformed with pUC18, complementation occurs. E. coli produces active ÃŽ ² –galactoidase. The active ÃŽ ² –galactoidase hydrolyzes the substrate, X gal , which is located on the agar plates.

We are Free to Be You, Me, Stupid and Dead by Roger...

From the opening sentence of the essay, â€Å"We are free to be you, me, stupid, and dead†, Roger Rosenblatt hones in on a very potent and controversial topic. He notes the fundamental truth that although humans will regularly shield themselves with the omnipresent first amendment, seldom do we enjoy having the privilege we so readily abuse be used against us. Freedom of speech has been a controversial issue throughout the world. Our ability to say whatever we want is very important to us as individuals and communities. Although freedom of speech and expression may sometimes be offensive to other people, it is still everyone’s right to express his/her opinion under the American constitution which states that â€Å"congress shall make no law†¦show more content†¦From the opening sentence, Roger Rosenblatt hones in on a very potent and controversial topic. He notes the fundamental truth that although humans will regularly shield themselves with the omnipresent first amendment, seldom do we enjoy having the privilege we so readily abuse be used against us. He offers an example in a basketball player named Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf who once refused to stand up during the national anthem. This action (or rather lack of it) was greeted with hostility as well as suspensions. The authors emotions are not made subtle, as he openly insults those who suspended him, and makes several ironic statements relating their actions and how it would have been severely frowned upon by the founding fathers. In his next paragraph, Rosenblatt chronicles the story of John Rocker, a relief pitcher who made an inflammatory and rather bigoted statement about not wishing to ride public transportation with those whom he feels are either a nuisance, or simply make him uncomfortable with their alternate lifestyles (such as â€Å"queers†). Rosenblatt notes that the courts did not interfere with their suspension as the first amendment merely grants one the right to speech, not total immunity. Rosenblatt however finds folly with this, and feels that Rocker possessed the right to spout his ignorant blather. This entire essay isShow MoreRelatedThe Drawbacks of Freedom Essay947 Words   |  4 Pagesrestrictions, which can be considered beneficial to the public. In â€Å"we are free to be you, me, stupid, and dead† by Roger Rosenb latt, he relays the disadvantages of limitless freedom. He focuses mainly on freedom of speech and the possible drawbacks to having ungoverned freedom of expression. Roger points out the public faulty rationale in the first paragraph as he says, â€Å"Everyone loves free expression as long as it isnt exercised†. Here, Roger reveals the contradiction between the people’s demand for the

Process Of Good Corporate Governance †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Did the Board of Ardent Leisure recognise and manage the risk arising from this incident? 2.Assuming the Board failed to manage the risk, did the company and the directors breach Principles 7 of the ASX principles of Good Corporate Governance? What is the consequence, if any, for the company failing to comply with Principle 7? Can the ASX take any disciplinary action against the directors and company for failing to recognise and manage the risk in this instance?3.Could it be argued that the directors had breached their duty of care and diligence or is the significant financial harm suffered by the company sufficient penalty?4.After the incident did the Board review and improve the effectiveness of the companys risk management framework? Answers: 1.The concept of corporate governance denotes the way through which companies are governed by its officers and directors. According to the principles provided by the concept of corporate governance the organization must be governed by the authorities responsible for its operation in such a manner that it would be able to achieve its objective and goals in the best possible way[1]. The controlling officers namely the executives and the directors must also ensure that the organization comply with the principles of corporate social responsibility and ensure the benefits of its shareholders where the society being one of them. When a company has an appropriate policy for its governance it automatically enhances the trust which the potential and present stakeholders of the company have towards its management. Good corporate governance also enhances the confidence of the investors to make investment towards the organization. Certain recommendations have been laid down by the Australia Securities Exchange (ASX) so that the companies in organization can carry out the process of good corporate governance in an effective manner. The aims of the provided recommendation are to ensure that the organization is not only able to address its own needs but also the needs of the society. There are seven recommendations which have been provided by the ASX in relation to good corporate governance and such principles are reviewed on a periodic basis in order to eradicate the effect if any. Currently the latest version of the recommendation is the third edition which has been provided by the ASX. Particularly in relation to the seventh principle of corporate governance recommendation in relation to Risk management have been provided for the organizations. The recommendations provided various strategies which the organization may take in relation to mitigating the risk which may cause injury to the society and the company itself because of its operations[2]. The recommendations suggest that the company must have a risk mitigating committee which would have at least one independent director to identify and address risk. It is a evident fact that if the company is prone to risk and its operations affect the society its reputation will be hampered which would subsequently discourage any investor in associating with the organization[3]. According to the facts of the case it has been provided that the company Ardent Leisure Pty Ltd (Ardent) not only failed to recognize the risk but also to effectively handle its after effects. There were no measures taken by the management of the organization in relation to avoiding the harm which had been caused do to the accident which took place in their Dreamland Amusement park. The lives of four patrons were lost in relation to the accident which took place in the park. In case there was a proper risk management strategy implemented by the company such grave negligence would have been prevented. It is a fact that accidents are not under human control however the root cause of accidents in negligence. In the given situation the company was also criticized for not being able to handle properly the after accident period which caused increased hardship to the relatives of the deceased patrons. In case there was a proper risk management framework as suggested by the ASX the company w ould have been able to identify and address the risk in a proper way. 2. The ASX does not mandatorily impose any of its recommendations of the company as it realize that specific set of recommendation may not be suitable for an organization as its operations may get hampered. Therefore the organizations in Australia are provided the right to choose their own method of corporate governance in relation to their operations[4]. However the ASX have a very unique principle to ensure that the organizations are accountable towards the process of corporate governance. The policy is known as the if not why not policy. According to the policy of the ASX an organization has to show that why they are not adopting the recommendations provided by the ASX if they feel that it is not suitable for them. Through the process the regulator not only provides for scope for the organization for adopting their own principles but also making them accountable in relation to the process of corporate governance. Where a company has failed to comply with the provisions of corporate governance as recommended by the ASX they are liable to be imposed with pecuniary penalties. There is no fixed amount of penalties imposed on the organizations as they are determined through the analysis of the breach committed by them. In the recent case as related to Sino Australia Oil and Gas Limited (Company) the ASX was successful in imposing a penalty of $1000000 through the court as the organization was found to be guilty of not complying with the provisions of ASX in relation to corporate governance. In the case of Ardent it has been already discussed above that the organization has not been able to implement proper risk management strategy in relation to corporate governance[5]. It is also evident that the company could have been able to avoid the harm which had been caused to the patrons and moreover would have been able to address the period after the accident in a better way of they had implemented appr opriate and adequate risk management strategies[6]. However a careless attitude had been demonstrated by the organization towards its operations which is evident for the absence of any risk management strategies within the organization[7]. It can therefore be concluded that the reason for the death of the patrons and the hardship faced by the relatives of the diseased has resulted solely out of the negligence of the organization in relation to risk magnet strategies. The organization would also suffer losses in relation to reputation and its overall value in the society. This is solely because the organization has ignored the good governance principles and therefore not on the loss of reputation the organization would also be imposed with pecuniary penalties by the ASX for its actions. 3. According to Section 180(1) of the Corporation Act 2001[8] any director or officer who is in control of the organization as per the doctrine of Directing minds and will has the responsibility of managing the specific organization with bona fide intentions and towards its best interest[9]. The section also provides a test for determining the liabilities under this section[10]. According to the principles of the test a reasonable director is paced in the position of the director alleged to have breached the section in the same circumstances when the potential breach was committed and then analyze whether the same actions would have been committed by reasonable director or not[11]. In case it is found that the reasonable director would not have committed the action the alleged director is determined to be guilty of violating section 180(1) of the CA. in the case of AISC V Cassimites one of the issues before the court was to find out whether the extent of application of section 180(1) . In answer to such question it was provided by the court that even if the duties under the section are limited only towards the company and not the society, the duty may not only be breached because of financial losses suffered by the company but also the loss of reputation and value in relation to the society. The breach of this section under the CA provides for financial penalties by the directors personally and also may extend to a disqualification from management order under section 206A of the CA. In the given circumstances it has been provided that Ardent has already suffered various losses in relation to the accident which took place at Dreamworld. The losses are in form of financial losses suffered by the organization as the park was closed for a considerable period of time. In addition the organization had to pay compensation to the family of the deceased as well as suffer losses in relation to reputation and value in the society. In the case of AISC V LINDBERG the court ruled that if a director is found to be not acting in the best interest of the organization and therefore breach section 180(1) of the Act they would be imposed with pecuniary penalties as well as disqualification from management for a certain period. In this particular case the director who was found to be guilty of violating section 180(1) of the CA was imposed with a pecuniary penalty of $100000 along with a disqualification from management period of two years by the court. In the given issue related to Ardent if the test provided by section 180(1) of the CA is applied it would be analyzed that a reasonable director would have followed the recommendations provided by the ASX in relation to risk management and would have in place proper risk management strategies. Therefore the directors have violated the section when their actual action would have been different from that of a reasonable director. Actual harm which is although not necessary for the breach off the section has been caused to the company as it has suffered losses of value and reputation. Therefore along with the financial and goodwill losses suffered by the company the directors of Ardent are also liable for additional penalties under section 1317E and 206A of the CA. 4. It has been evident from the above discussion that Ardent did not had in place any policy or strategy to address the issue arising out of the Dreamworld accident. The highlight of the news was that the companies in relation to the post accident stage were grossly incompetent to handle the situation. It not only did not contract the relatives of the deceased but also provided untrue news in relation to the accident[12]. The company had indulged in a defensive mode throughout the post accident period trying to defend it policies and strategies which were grossly incompetent to handle the situation. Reacting to the criticism faced by the organization in relation to its strategies of risk management it has implemented certain new polices into its governance system related to the management of risks. This can also be seen as a result of the constant pressure from media. The criticism also resulted in the resignation of Deborah Thomas the CEO of the organization. In response to the inci dent the organization closed the park for a period of 45 days in order to appropriately carry on the process of inquiry. The rid which led to the fatal accident has been permanently made out of operation by the company. The company has also established a risk management committee in accordance to the corporate governance recommendations provided by the ASX. The aim of the organization is to be global brand in relation to entertainment and particularly expand its operations in the USA. In addition the company has hired risk management experts from delloitte and a former Queensland policeman to handle the situation the organization is in with respect to the accident. The stock value of the organization has also gone down considerably following the fatal incident. The organization has been subjected to damage control since the incident took place. This has led the entire company to shift its focus from its core operations towards the management of the incident. The company did not foll ow the basic rule provided by the ten commandments that in case of any accident the relatives of the affected party has to be contacted[13]. The actions which have been initiated by the organization after the accident cannot be regarded as adequate measures. The company had been focusing majorly on providing explanations for its actions rather than finding out proper measures to address the situation and to ensure any such situation does not take place in the future[14]. This action of the organization has also backfired as its stalk value have been consistently going down. Bibliography Baxt, R., and Fletcher, K.L., Fridman, S., Corporations and Associations Cases and Materials on, (Butterworths, Australia, 10th edition, 2008) Booth, Simon A.Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises.(1st Edition, Routledge, 2015) Ciro T, Symes C,Corporations Law in Principle LBC Thomson Reuters, (Sydney, 9th edition 2013) Fisher S, Anderson C, Dickfos, CorporationsLaw (Butterworths Tutorial Series, 4th Edition Butterworths, Sydney 2014) Harris J, Butterworths Questions and Answers Corporations Law:, (LexisNexis, 3rd Edition Sydney 2009) Harris J, Corporations Law, (LexisNexis Study Guide 1st edition 2008). Li, G, Riley, S. Applied Corporate Law: A Bilingual Approach (LexisNexis 1st Edition 2009). Parker, Clarke, Veljanovski, Posthouwer, Corporate Law, Palgrave 1st edition 2012 Tomasic, R.,Jackson, J.,Woellner, R., Corporations Law - Principles, Policy and Process (4th Edition Butterworths., Sydney, 2002). Vermeesch,R B, Lindgren, K E, Business Law of Australia (Butterworths, 12th Edition, 2011). zpatrick, Symes, Veljanovski, Parker, Business and Corporations Law; (LexisNexis 3rd edition 2017) ASIC v Matiner Corp [2015] 327 ALR 95 at [144] Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) v Cassimatis [2015] NSWSC 1744 Journals Pearson, Gail, Failure in corporate governance: financial planning and greed (2016) 13(2) Handbook on Corporate Governance in Financial Institutions 185. Legislations Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) DreamworldS Parent Ardent Leisure Is In Damage Control (2017) NewsComAu https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/other-industries/dreamworld-parent-company-ardent-leisure-in-crisis-after-fatal-theme-park-accident/news-story/00c3d7a283c19e05427f273bb3a44e39 The Guardian. (2017) https://www.theguardian.com World Australia Dreamworld.

Peplaus Theory free essay sample

Peplau (1969) suggested that nurses need to become aware of themselves, their personal needs and their personal reactions, in order to help patients to meet their own needs. Nurses must develop the skill of attaining professional closeness, an attribute only learned through professional Some limitations of Peplaus theory include the lack of emphasis on health promotion and maintenance; that intra-family dynamics, personal space considerations, and community social service resources are less considered; it cant be used on a patient who is unable to express a need; and some areas are not specific enough to generate a hypothesis. Her 1952 book, Interpersonal Relations in Nursing, Dr. Peplau outlines her conceptual structure for psychodynamic nursing. This book was the first published nursing theory since Florence Nightingale’s 1860 concept. The basis for her work was her personal and clinical experience. She worked during the great influenza epidemic, which helped her to understand the â€Å"influence of illness and death on individuals and families† (Tomay and Alligood, 2002, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Peplaus Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 80). Her theory focuses on the interpersonal development and the therapeutic relationship that develops between the nurse and the patient, unlike many theories that put the attention solely on the client. This nurse-client relationship becomes the heart of the nursing process. Peplau’s secondary focus is the intrapersonal process of nurse as well as client. Intrapersonal refers to phenomena that occur within an individual (Forchuk,1993, p. 45).The nurse not only focuses on the client, he or she also reflects on him or herself. Hilda taught psychodynamic nursing, stressing the significance of the nurse’s capacity to understand his or her own behavior in order to help patients recognize their perceived obstacles (Tomey and Alligood, 2002, p. 24). Core Concepts The core concepts of nursing include: nursing, person, environment, and health. (Forchuk, 1993, p. 7) Peplau further defined these concepts in her theory.She considered nursing to be a tool that seeks to promote health, person as an individual that lives in a variable setting, environment as surroundings that may promote health or maintain illness, and health as the advancement of human development (Forchuk, 1993, p7). Dr. Peplau’s theory evolves through psychodynamic nursing, which she defined as â€Å"being able to understand one’s own behavior to help others identify felt difficulties and to apply principles of human reactions to the problems that arise at all levels of experience† (Tomey Alligood, 2002, p. 82). She breaks up the nurse-patient relationship into phases: orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution. In the orientation phase, the patient has a need and seeks help. In the identification phase, the patient recognizes those who can be of assistance. In the exploitation phase, the patient makes an effort to take full advantage of what he or she is offered through the connection. During the resolution phase, the patient slowly puts aside old goals and accepts new ones (Tomey Alligood, 2002, p. 82). From these phases, Peplau saw different nursing roles emerging: that of stranger, resource person, teacher, leader, surrogate, and counselor. In the role of stranger, the nurse treats the patient with common courtesy. As a resource person, the nurse answers questions that the patient may have specific to his or her care. The leadership role includes the democratic process and the surrogate role involves the patient and nurse defining all areas of care.In the counseling role, the nurse responds to the patient’s concerns, and the teaching role combines aspects of each of these functions (Tomey Alligood, 2002, p. 382-383). Application of Dr. Peplau’s Theory A nursing theory aids the practicing nurse in organizing, understanding, and analyzing patient information; making decisions regarding nursing implementation; planning patient care; and predicting and evaluating patient outcomes (Tomey Alligood, 2002, p. 17). Dr.Peplau’s theory can be utilized to direct the nurse in the various aspects of practice, including assessment and planned interventions. Many nurse-researchers have used Peplau’s theory for quantitative as well as qualitative methods of research. Peplau believed that nurses could apply these principles to any area of their lives. During assessment, the nurse and patient discuss the patient’s problems and the nurse explains available services. As the nurse-patient relationship is developed, the nurse and patient collaboratively define problems and solutions. Using Peplau’s theory, nurse and client mutually plan to meet the patient needs (Potter Perry, 1993, p. 10-11) For a nurse to establish the efficacy of planned interventions, the nurse must first be aware of the passage through various stages of the therapeutic relationship. Peplau’s theory has been used extensively in the mental health arena, however, it is relevant in every aspect of nursing practice, including: geriatric, emergency, nurse-management, public health, and clinical practice. Many hospitals in the country have adopted her model as a basis for patient care.Nursing research in areas such as anxiety and empathy resulted from her model (Potter Perry, 1993, p. 11). Conclusion In conclusion, Peplau’s theory was revolutionary in all aspects of the nursing process. Peplau’s focus on the interpersonal dynamics of the nurse-patient relationship allows the nurse to cultivate roles as resource person, counselor and teacher. Dr. Peplau’s pioneering idea that the patient is an individual with a felt need and that nursing is an interactive and curative process is still relevant today as it allows for significant healthful outcomes.